{"id":109,"date":"2022-12-31T19:51:30","date_gmt":"2022-12-31T19:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/?p=109"},"modified":"2022-12-31T19:51:30","modified_gmt":"2022-12-31T19:51:30","slug":"20-yuzyilda-bilim-ve-teknoloji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/20-yuzyilda-bilim-ve-teknoloji.html","title":{"rendered":"20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilim ve Teknoloji"},"content":{"rendered":"

20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilim ve Teknoloji<\/strong>
\n1900<\/strong>
\nMendel yasalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu deneylerle kan\u0131tland\u0131. 1822’de Avusturya’da do\u011fan Gregor Mendel 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda kal\u0131t\u0131mla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bezelyelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler sonunda kal\u0131tm\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan Mendel, kal\u0131t\u0131mbilimin (geneti\u011fin) do\u011fmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1901
\nEmekli bir Alman subay\u0131 olan Ferdinand Zeppelin’in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hava gemisi “Zeplin”lerden ilki 2 Temmuz’da Almanya’da Friedrichshafen yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir g\u00f6ldeki y\u00fczer hangardan havalond\u0131- Sivil havac\u0131!\u0131kta ve yolcu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edecek olan bu ara\u00e7lar, u\u00e7aklarla rekabete dayanamay\u0131p gelecekte g\u00f6klerden silinecekti.<\/p>\n

1902
\nABD’li genetik bilgini Walter Sutton, Columbia’da \u00f6\u011frencili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda kromozomlar\u0131n kal\u0131tsal bilgiyi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131g\u0131n\u0131 ve ayr\u0131 \u00e7iftler halinde bulundu\u011funu ilk kez ortaya koymu\u015f. Sonraki y\u0131llarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla kal\u0131t\u0131mla ilgili kromozom kuram\u0131n\u0131n temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1903
\nMotorlu ilk u\u00e7u\u015f yap\u0131ld\u0131-Orville Wright’\u0131n pilotlu\u011funu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Flyer ad\u0131ndaki ilk u\u00e7ak 17 Aral\u0131k 1903’te havalan\u0131p yerden \u00fc\u00e7 metre y\u00fckseldi, 12 saniye havada kalan u\u00e7ak sonra sert bir bi\u00e7imde yere indi. Wilbur ve Orville Wright karde\u015fler ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn iki u\u00e7u\u015f daha yapt\u0131lar. En uzun u\u00e7u\u015f 59 saniye s\u00fcrd\u00fc 260 m\u2019lik bir uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1900
\n\u0130lk radyonun yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131. Elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda James Clerk Maxwell ortaya koymu\u015ftu. Guglielmo Marconi’yse dalgalar\u0131 ilkin 9 m, sonra da 275 m ve 3 km’lik uzakl\u0131klara ietmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. 1901’de de Atlas Okyasu’nun \u00f6tesine ilk mesaj\u0131n\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1900
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Planck Sabiti olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan eylem kuantumunu, Alman fizik\u00e7i Max Planck buldu. I\u015f\u0131ma olgusunda enerjinin s\u00fcrekli bi\u00e7imde de\u011fil, enerji paketleri bi\u00e7iminde kesikli olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131g\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapan Planck, herbiri belirli bir enerji miktar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren paketlere kuantum ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi ve bir kuantumun enerjisinin \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n frekans\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu teori fizikte bir devrim niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran kuantum mekani\u011finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

1901<\/strong>
\nKarl Landsteiner, alyuvarlarda h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f katman\u0131na yap\u0131\u015fan antijen adl\u0131 bir maddenin t\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak insanda en az \u00fc\u00e7 temel kan grubu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi; bu gruplar\u0131 A, B ve 0 olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131. Bir y\u0131l sonra da A ve B arrtijenlerinin ikisini birden ta\u015f\u0131yan AB grubu bulundu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1903
\nBayliss ve Starling, sindirime yard\u0131mc\u0131 pankreas s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n salg\u0131lanmas\u0131nda uyar\u0131c\u0131 maddeyi bularak ilk kez hormon kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131lar. Sekretin ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bu madde gibi salg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 organdan uzakta ba\u015fka bir organ\u0131 uyaran bu t\u00fcr kimyasal maddeleri “uyarmak” anlam\u0131ndaki Yunanca hormon s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f hormon terimiyle adland\u0131rmay\u0131 da Bayliss ve Starling yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1904
\nIvan Petrovi\u00e7 Pavlov, Nobel Fizyoloji ve T\u0131p \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc kazand\u0131.
\nHayvanlar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle \u015fartl\u0131 refleks kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren Pavlov, bu \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc, sindirim salg\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 nedeniyle kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1905
\nIQ testi uyguland\u0131. Alman psikolog Wilhelm Stern’in ortaya koydu\u011fu IQ (Intelligence Quotient) kavram\u0131 Lewis Terman taraf\u0131ndan Stanfort-Biret testinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere uyarland\u0131. Zeka ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kronolojik ya\u015fa b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 100’le \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7 elde edilir. Ortalama IQ say\u0131s\u0131 100 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. 1 30’un \u00fczerindeki de\u011ferler \u00fcst\u00fcn zekal\u0131, 70’in alt\u0131ndakilerse geri zekal\u0131 olarak nitelendirilir.<\/p>\n

1906
\nLee de Forest, elektronlar\u0131 salan elektrot (katot) ile toplayan elektrot (anot) aras\u0131na \u0131zgara ad\u0131 verilen kafes bi\u00e7imli bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc elektrot yerle\u015ftirerek \u00fc\u00e7 elektrotlu ilk elektronik lambay\u0131 (triyot) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Izgaraya uygulanan gerilimin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesiyle katot ile anot aras\u0131ndaki elektron ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azal\u0131p \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylece de triyot lamba y\u00fckselte\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131labiliyordu. Telsiz ileti\u015fimi ve radyonun geli\u015fmesinde triyot lamban\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1908
\nJean Perrin s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7inde as\u0131l\u0131 halde bulunan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n Brown hareketlerini inceleyerek maddenin atomlardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1908
\nHans Geiger ilk radyasyon dedekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc, bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ad\u0131yla Geiger sayac\u0131n\u0131, yapt\u0131. Manchester \u00dcniversitesi’nde Ernest Rutherford’un yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapan Geiger, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle Rutherford’un \u00e7ekirde\u011fin atomun merkezinde \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

1909
\nABD’li bir ka\u015fif olan Robert Edwin Peary kuzey kutbuna ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015faran ilk insan oldu.<\/p>\n

1903
\nHollandal\u0131 fizyolog Willem Einthoven, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ilk telli galvanometreyi tasarlad\u0131. Galvanometre, kalp kas\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyor ve ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine kaydediyordu. Einthoven bu y\u00f6nteme elektrokardiyografi ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

1904<\/strong>
\nErnest Rutherford, Radyoaktiflik ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi kitab\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131. \u0130ngiliz fizik\u00e7i kitab\u0131nda, bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor ve radyoaktif etkinli\u011fin d\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullardan etkilenmedi\u011fini, radyoaktif s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde kimyasal tepkimelere oranla daha fazla miktarda \u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyordu. Ayr\u0131ca bu yap\u0131t\u0131nda radyoaktif d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sonucunda kimyasal nitelikleri farkl\u0131 yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1905<\/strong>
\nAlbert Einstein, \u00f6zel g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131na ili\u015fkin “Hareketli Cisimlerin Elektrodinami\u011fi” adl\u0131 makaleyi yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu makale fizikte devrim niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1907
\nBertrand Boltwood radyometrik tarihleme y\u00f6ntemini buldu. 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda uranyumla ba\u015flayan radyoaktif bozunumlar\u0131n son \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kur\u015fun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bilim adam\u0131, 1907’de i\u00e7lerindeki kur\u015fun-uranyum oran\u0131na bakarak baz\u0131 kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7me y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirdi. Bu y\u00f6ntem sayesinde D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tahmin edilmesinde \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00f6ntem ayr\u0131ca arkeolojide de kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1908
\nFord firmas\u0131 “T” modeli denen otomobili piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu model, bir at almaya paras\u0131 yeten herkesin alabilece\u011fi ucuzluktayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece otomobiller yaln\u0131zca zenginlerin oyunca\u011f\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ilk \u00fcretim band\u0131n\u0131 da devreye sokarak seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7en ilk firma yine Ford olacakt\u0131<\/p>\n

1909
\nLeo Hendrik Baekeland bakaliti buldu. Baekeland 1905’te do\u011fal bir re\u00e7ine olan gomalak\u0131n yerini tutabilecek bir maddeyi sentez yoluyla \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ba\u015flad\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 formaldehit ile fenol\u00fcn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan ve \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yumu\u015famayan plastik maddelerin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bakaliti bulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

1911
\nNorve\u00e7’li ka\u015fif Roald Amundsen, 14 Aral\u0131k 1911 g\u00fcn\u00fc kendisine e\u015flik eden 4 ki\u015fi ve 54 k\u00f6pekle g\u00fcney kutbuna ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1911
\nS\u00fcperiletkenler ke\u015ffedildi. Hollandal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, belirli \u015fartlarda c\u0131van\u0131n s\u00fcperiletken oldu\u011funu buldu. Sonradan iki d\u00fczineden fazla elementin ve binlerce metal ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da s\u00fcperiletken olabilece\u011fi bulundu.<\/p>\n

1912
\nK\u0131talar\u0131n kaymas\u0131 kuram ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bir meteorolog olan Alman bilim adam\u0131 Alfred Wegener, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta t\u00fcm k\u0131talar\u0131n Pangea ad\u0131nda tek bir k\u0131ta oldu\u011fu, sonradan par\u00e7alan\u0131p da\u011f\u0131larak zamanla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yerlerine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dayanan k\u0131talar\u0131n kaymas\u0131 kuram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131.<\/p>\n

1911
\nErnest Rutherford, atom modelini geli\u015ftirdi. Alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ince metal levhalardan ge\u00e7i\u015fini inceleyen Rutherfort, alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc oldu\u011fundan levhadan ge\u00e7i\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda metal atomlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131 y\u00fcklerin itici etkisiyle sapmaya u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fctlesi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sapman\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Yap\u0131lan deneylerde alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten de genel olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sapmalar g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131larda sapan par\u00e7alar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu, hatta bazen bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirip geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6zlendi. Bu durum o g\u00fcnlerde ge\u00e7erli olan atom modeline uymuyordu. B\u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu denli sapt\u0131rabilmesi i\u00e7in atomdaki b\u00fct\u00fcn art\u0131 y\u00fcklerin ve k\u00fctlenin \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hacimde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu.. Rutherford, bu fikirden yola \u00e7\u0131karak geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi atom modelinde atomun, \u00e7ok ku\u00e7\u00fck hacimli, yo\u011fun ve art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc bir \u00e7ekirdek ile bunun \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fctleli ve eksi y\u00fcklerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n

1911
\nPolonyal\u0131 kimyager Casimir Funk, parlat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f pirin\u00e7te bulunan ve beriberiyi \u00f6nleyen maddenin bir t\u00fcr amin oldu\u011funu belirleyerek buna vitamin ad\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini \u00f6nerdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn vitaminlerin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n birbirine benzedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bu terim k\u0131saca b\u00fct\u00fcn yard\u0131mc\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in kulan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1913
\nNiels Bohr atomun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturdu ve bunu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc makalesini yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bohr’un atom modeli, \u00f6zellikle hidrojen atomunun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen modeli, \u00f6nceki klasik modellerden k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu model, kuantum modelini hesaba katan ilk modeldi ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kuantum mekani\u011fine dayanan modellerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1916
\nEinstein “Genel G\u00f6relilik Kuram\u0131” olarak bilinen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 sarsan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler i\u00e7eriyordu. Kuram\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerinin deneysel kan\u0131tlar\u0131ysa ancak Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, May\u0131s 1919’da Gine K\u00f6rfezi’ndeki Principe adas\u0131nda ve Brezilya Sobral’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri sonucu elde edildi.<\/p>\n

1918
\nTar\u0131mda benzin motorlu trakt\u00f6rler kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00dcretimin artmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00e7ift\u00e7iler yaln\u0131z kendi gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, piyasaya mal satmak i\u00e7in de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1921
\nSo\u011futucular g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famda. \u00dcretilmeye ba\u015flayan elektrikli buzdolaplar\u0131 yiyeceklerin saklanmas\u0131nda yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

1921
\nHermann Rorschach, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve yans\u0131tma tekni\u011fine dayanan psikolojik testler uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1921
\nRobot s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilk kez kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7ek oyun yazar\u0131 Karel Capek, Rossum’s Universal Robots (Rossum’un Evrensel Robotlar\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi oyununda verilen emirleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden yerine getiren makinele\u015fmi\u015f insanlardan s\u00f6z ediyordu. Robot s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00c7ek dilinde angarya i\u015f anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n

1916
\nKaradeliklerin varh\u011f\u0131na dair ilk varsay\u0131m ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Alman g\u00f6kbilimci Karl Schwarzschield, yeterli k\u00fctleye sahip cisimlerden ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na yakla\u015fabilece\u011fini, bu nedenle do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlemlenemeyeceklerini kan\u0131tlamak amac\u0131yla, genel denklemlerden yararlanarak karadelik kuram\u0131n\u0131n temellerini att\u0131. \u00c7ekimlerinden \u0131\u015f\u0131k dahil hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131 bu cisimlere karadelik ad\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 y\u0131l sonra olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1917
\nSonar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ses dalgalar\u0131 yoluyla cisimlerin yerini saptayan bu arac\u0131n temel ilkeleri Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Paul Langevin taraf\u0131ndan oraya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gemilerde ve denizalt\u0131larda genel kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 bulan sonar, deniz yolculuklar\u0131n\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenli k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1920
\nABD’de d\u00fczenli radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l \u0130ngiltere’de de radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1921
\nKanadal\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131 Frederick G. Banting ve Charles H. Best, pankreas \u00f6z\u00fct\u00fcnden ins\u00fclin elde ettiler. Bu bulu\u015f, \u015feker hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedavisinde \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

1922<\/strong>
\nTutankamon’un mezar\u0131 bulundu. Mumyan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu odaya ilk kez \u0130ngiliz kaz\u0131bilimci (arkeolog) Howard Carter girdi. M\u0131s\u0131r’da 19. s\u00fclale d\u00f6neminde “Amarna krallar\u0131” olarak bilinen Ahenaton, Smenhkare, Tutankamon ve Ay’\u0131n adlar\u0131 firavunlar listesinden silindi\u011fi i\u00e7in mezar\u0131n yeri unutulmu\u015ftu. Bu sayede \u00f6zg\u00fcn haliyle, bozulmadan bulunan mezar, bir\u00e7ok arkeolojik bulgu sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1923<\/strong>
\nArthur Compton, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n elektronlarla \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda dalgaboylar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini belirleyerek bunun nedenini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu bulu\u015f, elektromanyetik dalgalar\u0131n hem dalga hem de par\u00e7ac\u0131k niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan ikili yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1924
\nFrans\u0131z fizik\u00e7i Louis de Broglie, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem dalga hem de par\u00e7ac\u0131k davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini kan\u0131tlayan deneysel bulgulardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n da par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00f6zelliklerine ek olarak dalga \u00f6zelliklerine sahip olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

1926
\nRusbilim adam\u0131 Vlademir Vernadski, canl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin atmosfere katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi ve atmosferdeki azot, oksijen ve karbon dioksiksitin canl\u0131larca \u00fcretildi\u011fini belirledi. Biyosfer kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan da Vernadskidir.<\/p>\n

1927
\nGeorge Paget Thomson, bir elektron demetinin kristal yap\u0131l\u0131 bir maddeden ge\u00e7erken k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131ma u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirledi. B\u00f6ylece Louis de Broglie’nin, bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n, Planck sabitinin par\u00e7ac\u0131k momentumuna b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle elde edilen dalgaboyunda bir dalga davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fi yolundaki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011frulad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1927
\nSesli sinema filmi yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lumiere karde\u015flerin ilk filmi g\u00f6stermelerinden beri sessiz sinema g\u00fcndemdeydi. 1927’den sonraysa sessiz filmler yerlerini yava\u015f yava\u015f sesli filmlere b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1923
\n\u0130svi\u00e7reli psikolog Jean Piaget, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n derslerde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n geli\u015fig\u00fczel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, belli ya\u015f gruplar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocu\u011fun yeti\u015fkinli\u011fine de\u011fin bir dizi zihinsel geli\u015fim evresinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1925
\nAlman fizik\u00e7i Werner Heisenberg, kuantum mekani\u011finin matris bi\u00e7imini geli\u015ftirdi. Heisenberg tutuldu\u011fu saman nezlesi nedeniyle dinlemeye \u00e7ekildi\u011fi Helgoland adas\u0131nda, harmonik olmayan sal\u0131n\u0131c\u0131da kesikli enerji durumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131yla ilgili bir problemi \u00e7\u00f6zerek atomun kuantum mekani\u011finin geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik programl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n

1926
\nbilim adam\u0131 Robert Goddard ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 roket deneyini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Massachussets’e ba\u011fl\u0131 Auburn kenti yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir \u00e7iftlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi deneyde, Goddard’m bir rampadan ate\u015fledi\u011fi s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131tl\u0131 roket 30 m y\u00fckseldi ve 2,5 saniye havada kalarak 60 metre yol ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

1927
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck patlama kram\u0131 ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131. Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 g\u00f6kbilimci Georges Lema\u00eetre’in ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurama g\u00f6re evren ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki bir “s\u00fcperatomun” genle\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu kuram sonradan George Gamov taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

1928
\nC vitamini ke\u015ffedildi. \u00d6zellikle uzun gemi yolculuklar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130skorbit hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde C vitaminin etkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1928
\nAlexander Fleming, penisilini buldu. Bu antibiyotik ila\u00e7la tedavide yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1930
\nPl\u00fcton gezegeni ke\u015ffedildi. Astronom Clyde Tombaugh, Lowell g\u00f6zlemevinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir dizi foto\u011frafta k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gezegenlerden daha yava\u015f hareket eden bir g\u00f6kcismi saptad\u0131. Bu g\u00f6k cismi uzun s\u00fcredir orada oldu\u011fundan ku\u015fku duyulan Pl\u00fcton gezegeniydi.<\/p>\n

1931
\nAlman bilim adam\u0131 Ernst Ruska ilk elektronik merce\u011fi geli\u015ftirdi. Bu mercek elektronlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi odaklayan bir elektrom\u0131knat\u0131stan olu\u015fuyordu. Ruska, seri halde birka\u00e7 elektron merce\u011fi kullanarak ilk elektron mikroskopunu 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1931
\nAvusturyal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Wolfgang Pauli, n\u00f6trinolar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Pauli, n\u00f6trinonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, radyoaktif beta bozunumuna ili\u015fkin varsay\u0131mla enerjinin ve momentumun korunumu yasalar\u0131n\u0131n uyum i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. N\u00f6trino ad\u0131 bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130talyan fizik\u00e7i Enrico Fermi taraf\u0131ndan verildi.<\/p>\n


\n1929
\n\u00dcnl\u00fc g\u00f6kbilimci Edwin Hubble, Evren’in geni\u015fledi\u011fi fikrini ortaya att\u0131. Hubble’a g\u00f6re Evren, g\u00f6kadalar\u0131n birbirlerinden uzakla\u015fma h\u0131zlar\u0131 ile birbirlerine olan uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki oran sabit kalacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flemektedir.<\/p>\n

1930
\n\u0130ngiliz fizik\u00e7i Paul Dirac, antimadde kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Dirac, elektronlar\u0131n enerji d\u00fczeyleri konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda elektronun kar\u015f\u0131t par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle elektronun \u00f6zde\u015fi olan bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n laboratuvarda \u00fcretilmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu maddeye pozitron ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

1931
\nKarl Jansky, G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi’nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen radyo dalgalar\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda New Jersey’de bulunan Bell Laboratuvarlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Jansky, burada telefon haberle\u015fmesini etkileyen \u00e7e\u015fitli parazitlerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmakla g\u00f6revlendirildi. Y\u00f6nlendirilebilir do\u011frusal bir anten kurarak biri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm giri\u015fim kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirledi. Aylar s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra 1931’de, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc saptanamayan bu giri\u015fim kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131zlar oldu\u011funu buldu. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra da bu kayna\u011f\u0131n Yay tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 do\u011frultusunda oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

1932
\nJames Chadwick atomun i\u00e7inde elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc olmayan bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetti. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa n\u00f6tron ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

1933
\nA. N. Kolmogorov, olas\u0131l\u0131klar hesab\u0131n\u0131n aksiyomatik kuram\u0131n\u0131n temellerini att\u0131. Bu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kullan\u0131lan olas\u0131l\u0131k kuram\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1934
\nFrederick ve Irene Joliot-Curie, \u00e7e\u015fitli elementleri polonyum atomundan sal\u0131nan alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 (art\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc helyum \u00e7ekirdekleri) bombard\u0131man\u0131na tutarak ilk yapay radyoaktifli\u011fi elde ettiler.<\/p>\n

1935
\nABD’li deprembilimciler Charles Richter ve Beno Gutenberg, deprem ve \u00f6teki sismik olaylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerini belirlemek i\u00e7in bir \u00f6i\u00e7ek haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1938
\nFisyonun bulunu\u015fu. Otto Hahn, Strassman’la birlikte uranyumun \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden birinin, daha hafif olan radyoaktif baryum elementi oldu\u011funu buldular ve bunun, uranyum atomunun daha hafif iki atoma b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1939
\nIgor Sikorsky, 1939 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 VS-300 adl\u0131 helikopterin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda bitirdi ve ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 helikopter u\u00e7u\u015funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1932
\nABD’li birfizik\u00e7i olan Edwin Herbert Land, foto\u011faflar\u0131n banyo ve bask\u0131 i\u015flerinin tek a\u015famada yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirdi. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutuplanmas\u0131yla ilgilenen Land, mikroskopalt\u0131 boyutlardaki iyodokinin s\u00fclfat kristallerini belirli bir do\u011frultuda y\u00f6nelmi\u015f halde dizmeyi ve bu dizileri ince plastik bir katman \u00fczerine aktarmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve Polaroid 3 ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kutuplay\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 buldu.<\/p>\n

1934
\nABD’li kimyac\u0131 Wallace Carothers naylonu buldu. 1938’de ticari \u00fcretimine ge\u00e7ilen naylon, bile\u015fim yoluyla haz\u0131rlanan ilk sentetik polimer lifi olmu\u015f ve yapay elyaf sanayisinin do\u011fu\u015funu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1935
\nJapon f\u0131zik\u00e7i Hideki Yukawa, atom \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bir arada tutan kuvvetin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak mezon adl\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc ve bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n niteliklerini kuramsal olarak belirledi.<\/p>\n

1935<\/strong>
\nRadar\u0131n bulunu\u015fu. \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131 Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, u\u00e7aklara radyo dalgalar\u0131 g\u00f6nderip, yans\u0131yan dalgay\u0131 alarak ve dalgalar\u0131n gidi\u015f d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcresini \u00f6l\u00e7erek u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 110 km mesafeden belirleyebilen bir sistem geli\u015ftirdi. Bu, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk pratik radar sistemiydi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>
\nDDT (diklorodifeniltrikloroetan) ilk kez b\u00f6cek ilac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk kez 1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretilen DDT’nin b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkisi ilk kez \u0130svi\u00e7reli kimyac\u0131 Paul Hermann M\u00fcller taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Bu ilac\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ileriki y\u0131llarda \u00e7evreye ve insanlara da zarar verdi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle yasaklanacakt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1940
\nKarl Landsteiner kandaki Rh fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u015ffetti. \u0130lk kez tespit edildi\u011fi bir maymun t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (Rhesus) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu fakt\u00f6r, anne ve d\u00f6l\u00fct\u00fcn kan\u0131nda bir dizi tepkimeye yol a\u00e7arak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, \u00f6l\u00fc do\u011fum ve yeni do\u011fan bebekte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir hastal\u0131\u011fa neden oluyordu.<\/p>\n

1941
\nHelene Taussig ve Alfred Blalock “mavi bebek sendromu” olarak bilinen bozuklukla do\u011fan bebekler i\u00e7in cerrahi tedavi y\u00f6ntemi geli\u015ftirdiler. Bu bebeklerin cildi kanda yeterli oksijen olmad\u0131g\u0131 i\u00e7in mavi-mor bir renk al\u0131yordu. \u0130lk ameliyat\u0131 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulayan Blalock, bu y\u00f6ntemle bir\u00e7ok ya\u015fam kurtard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1941
\nAlbert Lipmann canl\u0131 h\u00fccrede enerji aktar\u0131m\u0131 kuram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131 ve ATP(adenozintrifosfat)’nin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel rol\u00fc kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re canl\u0131 sistemlerdeki biyokimyasal tepkimeler, termodinamik yasalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fildir; enerji yoktan var edilemez. H\u00fccreler enerji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin molek\u00fcller ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in enerji t\u00fcketen tepkimeler olu\u015fur. Bu molek\u00fcllerin en bilineni de ATP’dir.<\/p>\n

1942
\nWernher von Braun ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 roket deneyini yapt\u0131. Von Braun’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Almanya’da askeri ama\u00e7l\u0131 roketlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130leriki y\u0131llarda ABD’de kurulan NASA da uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gereksinim duydu\u011fu roket teknolojisini Von Braun’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan elde edecektir.<\/p>\n

1943
\nSelman Waksman, verem hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tedavisinde etkili ilk antibiyotik olan streptomisini buldu. Waksman ayn\u0131 zamanda antibiyotik terimini kullanan ilk ki\u015fiydi.<\/p>\n

1940
\nABD’de ilk renkli TV yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1940
\nMillan ve Abelson, uranyumu n\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131na tutarak ilk yapay element olan nept\u00fcnyumu elde ettiler.<\/p>\n

1940
\nFransa’da d\u00f6rt gen\u00e7 rastlant\u0131sal olarak Lascaux Ma\u011faras\u0131’n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Ma\u011faran\u0131n \u00f6nemi binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden kalma duvar resimleriyle dolu olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Sonralar\u0131 yap\u0131lan karbon-14 testi sonucunda bu magaran\u0131n M\u00d6 15 000-13 000 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1942
\n3 Aral\u0131k’ta Enrico Fermi, Chicago \u00dcniversitesi’nde atom pili ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan uranyum- yak\u0131tl\u0131 grafitli ilk n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fc yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1944
\n\u0130svi\u00e7reli farmakolog Daniel Bovet, histamin etkisini engelleyerek v\u00fccudun alerji tepkilerini yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilen antihistaminik ila\u00e7lar\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olan prilamini elde etti.<\/p>\n

1945
\n\u0130ngiliz Arthur C. Clarke, yereksenli uydular\u0131n D\u00fcnya’da birbirinden uzakta yer alan noktalar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in r\u00f6le (aktarma) istasyonu olarak g\u00f6rev yapabileceklerini g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

1945
\nJ. presper Eckert ve John W. Mauchly ilk otomatik elektronik say\u0131sal bilgisayar\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Ertesi y\u0131l John Ragazzini ve yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 ABD Ulusal Savunma Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Komitesi i\u00e7in ilk genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle elektronik prototipi geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

1947
\nJohn Bardeen, W. Brittain ve W. Shockley transist\u00f6r\u00fc buldular. Elektrik sinyallerinin y\u00fckseltilmesini, denetlenmesini ya da \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flayan bu bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 1956’da Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc ald\u0131lar. Art\u0131k seri halde \u00fcretilebilen ve daha az yer kaplayan elektronik aletler yapmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1947
\n“Sesduvar\u0131” a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. ABD’li pilot Chuck Yeager, roketlerle takviye edilmi\u015f Bell X-1 adl\u0131 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla saatte 1190 kilometreyi a\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bu u\u00e7u\u015fun ard\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok havac\u0131l\u0131k firmas\u0131 sesten h\u0131zl\u0131 gidebilen u\u00e7aklar \u00fcretti. Sesten h\u0131zl\u0131 sivil u\u00e7aklar\u0131n ilkiyse u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131na 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u0130ngiliz-Frans\u0131z ortak yap\u0131m\u0131 Concorde oldu.<\/p>\n

1942
\nABD, atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak gizli Manhattan projesini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Robert Oppenheimer’\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131g\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen proje 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u0130lk atom bombas\u0131 16 Temmuz 1945’te Albuquerque’te bulunan bir hava \u00fcss\u00fcnde denendi. Ani bir \u015fok dalgas\u0131, yo\u011fun \u0131\u015f\u0131k yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan gelen mantar \u015feklinde bir duman bu patlaman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndand\u0131. Bomban\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerji 15 bin ton TNT’ninkine e\u015fitti. Bu denemeden 1 ay sonra Japon kentleri Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki’ye atom bombas\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1946
\nABD’li biyokimyac\u0131 Melvin Calvin, ye\u015fil bitkilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisini, karbondioksiti ve suyu b\u00fcy\u00fcmeleri i\u00e7it gerekli olan bile\u015fiklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fckleri fotosentez olay\u0131ndaki kimyasal tepkimeleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1947
\nFrank Willard Libby, kaz\u0131bilimciler, insanbilimciler ve yerbilimciler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok de\u011ferli olan radyoaktif karbonla (karbon-14) tarihleme y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1948
\nMacar as\u0131ll\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Dennis Gabor, holografi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini geli\u015ftirdi. Mercek kullanmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturma y\u00f6ntemi olan holografi, uzun y\u0131llar kuramsal olarak kalacak, ancak lazerin icad\u0131ndan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecektir.<\/p>\n

1952
\nABD’li doktor Jonas Salk \u00e7ocuk felci a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1952
\n\u0130lk hidrojen bombas\u0131 denemesi yap\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus’taki Biikini atol\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen denemede atom bombas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazla enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. F\u00fczyonbombas\u0131, termon\u00fckleer bomba ya da H bombas\u0131 olarak da bilinen bilinen bu bombay\u0131 Edward Teller geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1954
\nGeorge G. Devol, programlanabilir bir robotun patentini ald\u0131. 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu patentlere dayanarak Unimation firmas\u0131 Unimate adl\u0131 ilk sanayi robotunu hizmet soktu.<\/p>\n

1956
\nBilgisayarlar i\u00e7in bilimsel hesaplamaya y\u00f6nelik ilk y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyli dil olan FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) geli\u015ftirildi. Bunu 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen Algol 60 (Algorithmic Language) izledi. Algol 60 kesin olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ilk programlama diliydi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, y\u00f6netim konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir dil olan COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) ve liste i\u015fleme dili olan Lisp (List processor) de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1957
\nSputnik-1 uzayda. 4 Ekim 1957’de f\u0131rlat\u0131lan Sputnik-1, y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye yerle\u015ftirilen ilk uydu olmu\u015f ve uzay \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcnya \u00e7evresinde bir tam dolan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 96 dakikada tamamlayan Sputnik-1, 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda atmosfere girerek yanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1948<\/strong>
\nRichard Feynman, kuantum mekani\u011fi ve elektrodinamik kuramlar \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131. Feynman bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla eski kuantum elektrodinamik kuram\u0131n\u0131n kimi zaman anlams\u0131z sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7an yanlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmu\u015f oldu. Ayn\u0131 alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABD’li julian Schwinger ve Japon Tomonaga Sini\u00e7iro’yla birlikte 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel Fizik \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc’n\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1953<\/strong>
\nJ. D. Watson ve F.H. C. Crick taraf\u0131ndan DNA’n\u0131n molek\u00fcl yap\u0131s\u0131 tan\u0131mland\u0131. Bu modele g\u00f6re DNA, birbiri \u00e7evresindesar\u0131lan iki merdivene benzer ikili sarmal bi\u00e7imindeydi. Bu ikil\u0131 sarmal, birbiri \u00e7evresinde sar\u0131lan iki \u015feker-fosfat zincirinden ve bu zincirleri birbirine ba\u011flayan baz \u00e7iftlerinden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1955
\nOwen Chamberlain ve Emilio Segre kar\u015f\u0131t protonu ke\u015ffetti. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuramsal olarak bilinen kar\u015f\u0131t protonu \u00fcretmek amac\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan bevatron kullanan Chamberlain ve Segre, 1956’da kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6tronun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da do\u011frulad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1958
\nAmerikan Ulusal Havac\u0131l\u0131k ve Uzay Dairesi (NASA) kuruldu. Ruslar\u0131n 1957’de Sputnik uzay arac\u0131n\u0131 f\u0131rlatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD kongresi taraf\u0131ndan 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan Ulusal Havac\u0131l\u0131k Dan\u0131\u015fma Komitesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n

1959
\nChristopher Cockerell ilk hoverkraft\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bir hava yast\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yol almak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bu ara\u00e7lann hem karada hem de denizde gidebilme gibi bir avantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Ne var ki, kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerden dolay\u0131 hoverkraftlar kendilerinden bekleneni veremediler.<\/p>\n

1961
\n\u0130nsanl\u0131 ilk uzay u\u00e7u\u015fu 12 Nisan’da SSCB taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Kozmonot Yuri Gagarin, Vostok-1 adl\u0131 uzay arac\u0131yla D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n \u00e7evresini 108 dakikada dola\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1964
\nUluslararas\u0131 uydularla telekom\u00fcnikasyon \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc Intelsat kuruldu. Bu tarihten sonra ilk uydusunu f\u0131rlatan Intelsat b\u00f6ylece 240 kom\u00fcnikasyon devresi ve 1 televizyon kanal\u0131n\u0131n gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131layabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

1967
\n\u0130lk kalp nakli ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. G\u00fcney Atrikal\u0131 cerrah Christiaan Barnard, tedavi olana\u011f\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131r bir hastan\u0131n kalbini bir trafik kazas\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r yaralanarak hastahaneye getirilen ve \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan birinin kalbiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

1969
\nABD Savunma Bakanl\u0131g\u0131 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency) projesini ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda MIT Lincoln Laboratuvarlar\u0131nda ilk kez iki bilgisayar birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 veri al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131. ARPANET projesi kapsam\u0131ndaysa d\u00f6rt \u00fcniversitenin bilgisayarlar\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, e\u011fitim ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek i\u00e7in birbirine ba\u011fland\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet bu projeye ba\u015flarken olas\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ard\u0131ndan ileti\u015fimin kesilmesi durumunda klasik ileti\u015fim yollar\u0131na alternatif olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu proje g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan internetin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 niteli\u011findeydi.<\/p>\n

1960
\nT. H. Maiman, yakuttan bir \u00e7ubuk kullanarak ilk lazer ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bu konuda daha \u00f6nceden de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bug\u00fcn anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z anlam\u0131yla yaplan ilk lazer Maiman’a aittir:<\/p>\n

1961
\nABD’li fizik\u00e7i Murray Gell-Man ve israilli fizik\u00e7i Yuval Ne’eman, par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ve sekizli s\u0131n\u0131flama ya da SU(3) denen bir s\u0131n\u0131flama \u015femas\u0131 \u00f6nerdiler. Bu \u015fema, kuvvetli etkile\u015fime giren par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n daha temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gell-Mann, bu \u015femanin fiziksel temeli olarak kuark kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Fizik\u00e7i par\u00e7ac\u0131klara-bu ad\u0131 verirken james-Joyce’un Finnegans Wake roman\u0131nda ge\u00e7en uydurma bir isimden esinlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1965
\nArno Penzias ve Robert Wilson, evrende 3 kelvinlik art\u0131k bir \u0131s\u0131l enerjiye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen bir fon \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 (Cosmic Backround Radiation) ke\u015ffettiler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunun evrenin milyarlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nceki olu\u015fumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 patlamas\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan bir art\u0131k fon \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde birle\u015filmektedir.<\/p>\n

1967
\n\u0130ngiliz g\u00f6kbilimciler Antony Hewish ve Jocelyn Bell ilk pulsar\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler. Hewish ve Bell, bu bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n radyo dalgalar\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 ve ani oynamalar\u0131 kaydetmek amac\u0131yla \u00f6zel olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir radyoteleskop yard\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

1969
\n21 Temmuz’da ABD’li astronotlar Neil Armstrong ve Edwin Aldrin Ay’a ayak basan ilk insanlar oldular.
\n1970 K\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol gibi fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sonra g\u00f6sterilen ilginin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00fczgar enerjisi yeniden g\u00fcndeme geldi. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada fosil yak\u0131t rezervlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve gittik\u00e7e t\u00fckeniyor olmas\u0131 buna se\u00e7enek olu\u015fturacak enerji kaynaklar\u0131 bulmay\u0131 gerektiriyordu. Binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n mekanik ama\u00e7larla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00fczgar enerjisi art\u0131k enerji \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1972
\n@
\nElektronik posta (e-mail) geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

1973
\n\u0130lk mikrobilgisayar \u00fcretildi. \u00d6nceki bilgisayarlara g\u00f6re daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fu, tek bir kullan\u0131c\u0131ya hizmet verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu bilgisayarlara mikrobilgisayar ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fti. Frans\u0131z R2E \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen bu mikrobilgisayar\u0131n ad\u0131 Micral’di.<\/p>\n

1975
\nApple-1 bilgisayarlar piyasada. Apple Inc. firmas\u0131ndan Steve Woznaik ve Steve Jobs’un
\ntasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Apple-1, 1976’dan itibaren insanlar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenerek \u00f6nemli bir ticari ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1978
\n\u0130lk t\u00fcp bebek d\u00fcnyaya geldi.
\n\u0130ngiltere’de yapay d\u00f6lleme sonucu hamile kalan bir kad\u0131n do\u011fum yapt\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra yapay d\u00f6lleme yoluyla do\u011fan t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklara t\u00fcp bebek denmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1981
\nIBM PC (Personal Computer) ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlar piyasada. Mikrobilgisayarlar\u0131n g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fama girmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu bilgisayarlar\u0131n ve Microsoft firmas\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 MS\/Dos i\u015fletim sistemi sayesinde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1971
\nAmerikan sondas\u0131 Mariner-9 Mars gezegeni \u00e7evresinde y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye girdi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l boyunca gezegenin y\u00fczey haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1971\u0130lk uzay istasyonu olan Salyut-1 Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan D\u00fcnya y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine oturtuldu. Bilimsel g\u00f6zlem ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapacak olan Salyut uzay istasyonu, olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n bir y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye oturdu\u011fundan giderek D\u00fcnya’ya yakla\u015ft\u0131 ve alt\u0131 ay sonra atmosfere girdi.<\/p>\n

1972
\n\u0130lk Mikroi\u015flemci (Intel 4004) yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu, \u00fczerine 2300 transist\u00f6r yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f 7 mm x 7 mm boyutlar\u0131nda, kare bi\u00e7iminde silisyum bir plakt\u0131. 4 bit de\u011ferinde kelime i\u015fleme g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1974
\nAmerikan sondas\u0131 Mariner-10 Merk\u00fcr gezegenine yakla\u015ft\u0131 ve gezegenin y\u00fczey haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131.<\/p>\n

1976
\nUzay sondalar\u0131 Voyager-1 ve Voyager-2 f\u0131rlat\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminin d\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki gezegenleri g\u00f6zlemleyen ve bu gezegenler hakk\u0131nda D\u00fcnya’ya bilgiler yolayan uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f Sistemi’nin hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen y\u00f6nlerini de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1992
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck patlama kuram\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlar\u0131 bulundu. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratuvarlar\u0131 ve California \u00dcniversitesi’nin ortak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir projede, George Smoot ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir grup ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, COBE (Cosmic Backround Explorer) uydusunun evrendeki fon \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndaki \u0131s\u0131 dalgalanmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamadan kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler.<\/p>\n

1994
\nKaradeliklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin kan\u0131tlar bulundu. Hubble uzay teleskopunun verilerine g\u00f6re 52 milyon \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6tede bir karadelik g\u00f6zlendi. Kardeliklerin varl\u0131g\u0131 Albert Einstein taraf\u0131ndan genel g\u00f6relik kuram\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. M87 ad\u0131 verilen bu karadelik, Einstein’\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir kan\u0131t\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

1995
\nBilim adamlar\u0131 gezegen sistemine sahip g\u00fcne\u015f benzeri y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ke\u015ffetti. \u0130ki grup g\u00f6kbilimci \u00fc\u00e7 ay arayla \u00e7evresinde gezegenler olan y\u0131ld\u0131zlar buldular. Asl\u0131nda 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcne\u015f sistemi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da gezegenler bulunmu\u015ftu. Ne var ki bunlar \u00f6l\u00fc y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n, pulsarlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlard\u0131. D\u00fcnya’dan 42 \u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 uzakl\u0131kta bulunan yeni gezegenlerse g\u00fcne\u015fimiz benzeri y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

1997
\nViking uzay sondalar\u0131ndan y\u0131llar sonra Pathfinder, Mars’a inen ilk ara\u00e7 oldu. D\u00fcnya’dan 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda f\u0131rlat\u0131lan ara\u00e7, yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 milyon kilomtre yol ald\u0131ktan sonra Mars’a “d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.” Pathfinder, Vikinglerin kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden Mars hakk\u0131nda bilgiler iletti d\u00fcnyaya.<\/p>\n

1997
\n\u0130lk genetik kopyalama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bir grup \u0130sko\u00e7 bilim adam\u0131 \u015eubat ay\u0131nda ergen bir memelinin genetik kopyas\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duyurdular. Bu, genetik alan\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok uzman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine olanaks\u0131z g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakt\u0131g\u0131 bir i\u015flemdi. Dolly adl\u0131 koyunun kopyalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n duyurulmas\u0131 beraberinde yeni tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da getirdi. Bunlar\u0131n en ba\u015fta geleni de kopyalaman\u0131n ahlaki yan\u0131yd\u0131. Bu teknikle insan kopyalaman\u0131n zararlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde duruldu ve bunun yaln\u0131zca tar\u0131msal ve t\u0131bbi ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurguland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1993
\nEn ya\u015fl\u0131 dinozor bulundu. Arjantin’de And Da\u011flar\u0131 ete\u011findeki Ischigualsto do\u011fal park\u0131nda bulunan bu dinozorun bir evoraptor oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. 1 metre boyunda, 11 kilo a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu dinozorun yakla\u015f\u0131k 225 milyon \u00f6nce ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Arka ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyen evoraptorlar, etobur canl\u0131lard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1994
\nJ\u00fcpiter’e kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6zlendi. 4.8 milyon kilometre uzunlu\u011fundaki kozmik dev kuyrukluy\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n ad\u0131, onu ke\u015ffeden g\u00f6kbilimcilere atfen Shoemaker-Levy 9’du. 16 Temmuz’da ba\u015flayan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcnlerce s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve 21 Temmuz’da sona ermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1995
\n\u0130ki aya\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilen insans\u0131lar\u0131n en eski \u00f6rne\u011fi bulundu. Prof. Mealakey ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131 Kenya’n\u0131n kuzeyinde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Austrolopithecus anemensis ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir insans\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 buldular. 4,2 ile 3,9 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan bu insans\u0131, t\u00fcr\u00fcn bilinenden 500000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

1996<\/strong>
\nUzay Teleskopu milyarlarca yeni g\u00f6kada ke\u015ffetti. Her g\u00f6kadan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 50-100 milyar y\u0131ld\u0131z i\u00e7erdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen g\u00f6kbilimciler bunlar\u0131n bilinen g\u00f6kada bi\u00e7imlerinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu da a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Bu bulgularda spiral ya da eliptik olmayan, daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u015fekillerde yeni g\u00f6kadalar da vard\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1997<\/strong>
\nG\u00fcne\u015f sisteminde D\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir ya\u015fam olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, J\u00fcpiter’in 16 uydusundan biri olan Europa’da olabilece\u011fi bulundu. Galileo uzay sondas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 Europa y\u00fczey g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinde gezegende buz tutmu\u015f bir okyanus g\u00f6zlemlendi. Bu da ya\u015fam i\u00e7in gerekli olan suyun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1999
\nGalileo uzay arac\u0131 J\u00fcpiter’in uydusu lo’da bir volkan patlamas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcledi. G\u00fcne\u015f sisteminde g\u00f6r\u00fclen en b\u00fcy\u00fck volkan oldu\u011fu belirtilen dev volkan, 1,5 km y\u00fcksekli\u011finde lav p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bilim ve Teknoloji 1900 Mendel yasalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu deneylerle kan\u0131tland\u0131. 1822’de Avusturya’da do\u011fan Gregor Mendel 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda kal\u0131t\u0131mla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bezelyelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler sonunda kal\u0131tm\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan Mendel, kal\u0131t\u0131mbilimin (geneti\u011fin) do\u011fmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1901 Emekli bir Alman subay\u0131 olan Ferdinand Zeppelin’in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hava gemisi “Zeplin”lerden ilki 2 Temmuz’da Almanya’da Friedrichshafen yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilimteknoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":110,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions\/110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}