{"id":145,"date":"2023-01-01T16:49:14","date_gmt":"2023-01-01T16:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/?p=145"},"modified":"2023-01-01T16:49:14","modified_gmt":"2023-01-01T16:49:14","slug":"otomobilin-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/otomobilin-tarihi.html","title":{"rendered":"Otomobilin Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Otomobilin Tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Otomobil nedir?<br \/>\nOtomobil (Auto: Yunancadaki anlam\u0131yla kendili\u011finden + mobile: Latincedeki anlam\u0131yla hareketli demektir). Otomobil kavram\u0131n\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak at, e\u015fek kullan\u0131lmadan, itmeden veya \u00e7ekmeden kendili\u011finden hareket edebilen \u00f6z itmeli ta\u015f\u0131t anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Otomobil, yolcu veya y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f, motorlu ve tekerlekli kara ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131. Otomobil, yak\u0131tla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir motor sayesinde hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131lmadan, itmeden veya \u00e7ekmeden hareket edebilen ve \u00fczerindekileri de ta\u015f\u0131yabilen bir ta\u015f\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.gelisenbeyin.net\/img\/degisik_araba_tasarimi.jpg\" width=\"410\" height=\"302\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Otomobilin tarihi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1680 \u2014 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fabilen ancak kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmayan ilk i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motor 1680 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollandal\u0131 Christiaan Huygens\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 barutun yanmas\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pistonlu makine oldu. Kapal\u0131 bir silindir i\u00e7inde patlayan barut kayabilen bir pistona etki ederek pistonun hareket etmesini sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131.<br \/>\n1698 \u2014 \u0130ngiliz Thomas Savery ilk buharl\u0131 makineyi yapt\u0131<br \/>\n1769 \u2014 \u0130ngiliz James Watt uzun s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan buharl\u0131 makiney\u0131 yapt\u0131<br \/>\n1769 \u2014 Kendi kendine hareket hareket eden ilk ara\u00e7 Fardier Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis ve top\u00e7u y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131<br \/>\n1769 FardierNicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131.<br \/>\n1787 \u2014 Oliver Evans Amerikada yolcu ta\u015f\u0131yan ara\u00e7 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n1801 \u2014 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Richard Trevithick buharl\u0131 otomobil yapt\u0131.<br \/>\n1824 \u2014 \u0130\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle dizel motorlar\u0131n\u0131n temel ilkeleri, gen\u00e7 bir Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisi Sadi Carnot taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131<br \/>\n1830 \u2014 15 \u2013 20 km h\u0131zla giden buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 14 yolcu ta\u015f\u0131yabilen yolcu otob\u00fcsleri imal edildi.<br \/>\n1860 \u2014 \u0130ngiliz Parlementosu b\u00fct\u00fcn arabalar\u0131n iki s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00fcnd\u00fcz k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bayrak gece k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fener bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fan kanun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu kanun motor geli\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 biraz durdurdu. 1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu yasa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<br \/>\n<strong>1860 \u2014 Hava gaz\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ticari bak\u0131mdan elveri\u015fli ilk motor Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 m\u00fchendis Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir ( 1822-1901 ) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1862 \u2014 Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisi Alphonse Eugene Beau de Rochas (1818-1893) 4 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7evrimin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1867 \u2014 Alman m\u00fchendis Nicholaus August Otto ve Eugen Langen (1833-1895), Rochas\u2019\u0131n buldu\u011fu prensipleri prati\u011fe \u00e7evirerek d\u00f6rt zamanl\u0131 \u00e7evrime sahip motoru yapt\u0131lar.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1876 \u2014 Nikolaus August Otto (1832- 1891), ilk d\u00f6rt zamanl\u0131 gaz motorunu \u00fcretti.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1877 \u2013 Otto yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 motorun patentini Amerikadan ald\u0131.<\/strong><br \/>\n1878 \u2014 \u0130ngiliz m\u00fchendisi Dugal Clerk iki zaman esas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk motoru yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1880 \u2014 Amerika\u2019da George Brayton benzin yak\u0131tl\u0131 motor yapt\u0131.<br \/>\n1885 \u2014 Benzinle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motora sahip ilk otomobil Alman m\u00fchendis Karl Benz taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131<br \/>\n1889 \u2014 Viyanal\u0131 Siegfried Marcus (1831-1898) geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi motorla viyana sokaklar\u0131nda 12 km h\u0131zla gezerken halk\u0131n panik ya\u015famas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f birka\u00e7 kaza yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 17 su\u00e7tan mahkemeye verilen Marcus ke\u015fif yapmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131.<br \/>\n1890 \u2014 Herbert Akroyd Stuart Bir kaza sonucunda k\u0131zg\u0131n bir yere de\u011fen gaz ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hava ile kar\u0131\u015farak yand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu olaydan etkilenerek yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle motorunu geli\u015ftirdi ve patentini ald\u0131. Motorunda yak\u0131t emilen ve hafif\u00e7e s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan hava i\u00e7erisine bir memeden g\u00f6nderilerek patlay\u0131c\u0131 ve yan\u0131c\u0131 bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fturulmaktayd\u0131. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yanabilmesi i\u00e7in cidarlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek derecede \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan ve buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen bir \u00f6n yanma odas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ana yanma odas\u0131na bir kanalla birle\u015ftirilen bu oda ilk hareket i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan alevle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu motorda havan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma oran\u0131yla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmedi\u011finden verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmu\u015ftur.<br \/>\n1890 \u2014 Bir Alman m\u00fchendis olan Cap\u0131taine, Akroyd\u2019un motoruna benzeyen bir motorun patentini ald\u0131. Bu motorlar yar\u0131m dizel (k\u0131zg\u0131n kafal\u0131) motorlar\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<br \/>\n<strong>1890 \u2014 \u0130lk otomobillerin \u00e7o\u011fu, di\u015flileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yoku\u015f \u00e7\u0131kam\u0131yor, \u00f6nce durup sonra geriye do\u011fru inmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. 1893\u2019da yap\u0131lan Benz Victoria marka arabada bir deri kay\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kasna\u011fa bindiren bir kol kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00fczenek tekerleklerin daha yava\u015f d\u00f6nmesini ve y\u00fcksek manivela g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn arabay\u0131 yoku\u015f yukar\u0131 t\u0131rmand\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Zincir \u00e7eki\u015fli Velo tipi ara\u00e7tada bu \u015fekilde \u00fc\u00e7 ileri bir geri kasna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00c7eki\u015fin kolayl\u0131kla arka tekerleklere iletilmesi i\u00e7in motor her zaman arkaya ya da s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131na konuyordu.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1892-1897\u2014 M\u00fcnih y\u00fcksek teknik okulu m\u00fchendislerinden Rudolf Diesel dizel motoru yapt\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirdi.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1893 \u2014 Amerikan\u0131n ilk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 otomobili \u201cduryea\u201d , J.Franck ve Charles Edgar Duryea taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1894 \u2014 \u0130lk resmi otomobil yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1898 \u2014 Fransa Otomobil Kul\u00fcb\u00fc (AFC) Paris\u2019teki Les Tuiliers\u2019in g\u00fcne\u015fli bah\u00e7elerinde ilk otomobil fuar\u0131n\u0131 organize etmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><br \/>\n1902 \u2014 \u0130stenildi\u011finde benzinli istenildi\u011finde elektrik motoruyla ilerleyebilen ilk arac\u0131 27 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken Ferdinand Porsche yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1902 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cMixte-Wagen\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi arac\u0131 tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Viyanal\u0131 bir fayton \u00fcreticisi olan Ludwig Lohner ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Porsche 4 silindirli bir Daimler motoruna ak\u00fcler, bir jenerat\u00f6r ve elektrik motorlar\u0131 ekledi. Bu haliyle Mixte benzinli motor stop edildi\u011finde bile ak\u00fclerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektrikli motorla ilerlemeye devam edilebiliyordu.<br \/>\n1903 \u2014 Frans\u0131z Gustave L\u0130EBAU ilk emniyet kemerini tasarlad\u0131 ve patentini ald\u0131<br \/>\n1904 \u2014 K\u0131sa ad\u0131 FIA olan Uluslararas\u0131 Otomobil Federasyonu kuruldu<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.gelisenbeyin.net\/img\/bmw-tasarimi.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"321\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1905 \u2014 \u0130sve\u00e7li m\u00fchendis Alfred B\u00fcchi egzoz gazlar\u0131ndan yararlanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir t\u00fcrbin vas\u0131tas\u0131yla d\u00f6rt silindirli bir motora a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava y\u00fcklemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<br \/>\n1905 \u2014 \u0130lk 4WS ve 4WD sistemi Latil marka trakt\u00f6re uyguland\u0131 \u0130lk 4WS ve 4WD sistemi Latil marka trakt\u00f6re uyguland\u0131<br \/>\n1905 \u2014 \u0130lk tampon tak\u0131lan ara\u00e7 \u0130ngilterenin Kilburn kentindeki Simms Manufacturing Co. tesislerinde \u00fcretilen 20 HP g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Simms-Welback marka ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l tamponun patentinin F.R. Simms taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n asl\u0131nda bu fikir yeni de\u011fildi 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moravya\u2019daki \u0130mperial Nesseldorf vagon fabrikas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7ek mal\u0131 Prasident marka otomobilin \u00f6n\u00fcne tampon konmu\u015f ancak Viyana yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan denemelerde ilk 10 milden sonra tampon d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in bir daha tak\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<br \/>\n1908 \u2014 ABD\u2019li Henry Ford T modeli ad\u0131ndaki ilk seri \u00fcretim otomobili yapt\u0131. \u0130lk \u00fcretim band\u0131 fikrinin de babas\u0131 olan Ford 1913 de g\u00fcnde 1000 araba \u00fcretebiliyordu<br \/>\n1918 \u2014 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u201c Royal a\u0131rcraft establ\u0131shment \u201c fabrikalar\u0131 mekanik p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeli dizel yak\u0131t sistemini geli\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6ylece y\u00fcksek devirli dizel motorlar\u0131 olu\u015fturularak hafif ta\u015f\u0131tlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rland\u0131.<br \/>\n1919 \u2014 Avrupan\u0131n ilk seri \u00fcretim otomobili Type A Citroen taraf\u0131ndan piyasaya verildi. Citroen ayn\u0131 y\u0131l d\u00fcnyada ilk organize sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 hizmetleri yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131.<br \/>\n1920 \u2014 Voisin firmas\u0131 hidrolik olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABS\u2019nin atas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131.\u201d Frenlemenin tekerlekleri kitlemesini \u00f6nleyici donan\u0131m\u0131 \u201d tan\u0131m\u0131ylada Almanyada 671925 nosuyla ilk patentini ald\u0131<br \/>\n1924 \u2014 Citroen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk \u00e7elik karas\u00f6rl\u00fc otomobili B10\u2019\u00fcretti<br \/>\n1924 \u2014 MAN\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi bir kamyon direk enjeksiyonlu dizel bir motoru kullanan ilk vas\u0131ta oluyordu<br \/>\n1934 \u2014 Citroen seri olarak \u00f6nden \u00e7eki\u015fli ara\u00e7 \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131<br \/>\n1938 \u2014 Citroen Hidropn\u00f6matik s\u00fcspansiyon sistemini icat etti<br \/>\n1938 \u2014 \u0130svi\u00e7reli kamyon \u00fcreticisi Saurer ilk turbo motorlu kamyonu \u00fcretti<br \/>\n1938 \u2014 Klima\u2019y\u0131 standart olarak kullan\u0131ma sunan ilk marka Studebaker Commander\u2019dir<br \/>\n1938 \u2014 GM tasar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Harley Earl ilk elektrikli cam sistemini Buick y\u2019ye monte etti.<br \/>\n1954 \u2013 D\u00f6ner Pistonlu Motor (Rotary-Wankel motoru) Felix Wankel taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirildi<br \/>\n1957 \u2014 \u0130lk h\u0131z sabitleyicisi (cruis control) Imperial marka ara\u00e7ta kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<br \/>\n1958 \u2014 \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019teki Volvo Fabrikas\u0131nda m\u00fchendis olan Nils Bohlin \u00dc\u00e7 noktal\u0131 emniyet kemeri olarak bilinen sistemin patentini ald\u0131.<br \/>\n1962 \u2014 \u0130lk seri \u00fcretim turbo motorlu otomobil Chevrolet Corvair Monza tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra bu modeli Oldsmobile F85 Jetfire takip etti<\/p>\n<p><strong>1963 \u2013 Wankel motoru ilk kez NSU Spider marka ara\u00e7ta kullan\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1967 \u2014 \u0130ngiliz otomobil firmas\u0131 Jensen \u0130lk ABS\u2019yi otomobillerine uygulad\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1973 \u2014 Avrupa\u2019da seri olarak turbo motorla \u00fcretilen ilk otomobil BMW 2002 oldu.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1978 \u2014 Modern ilk ABS sistemi BMW 7 serisi ve Mercedes S serisinde uyguland\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1984 \u2014 Turbo \u00fcreticisi Garrett intercooler ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir turbo so\u011futucusu geli\u015ftirdi. Bu sayede t\u00fcrbine giren hava so\u011futularak turbonun performans\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1986 \u2014 \u00c7ift turbo tak\u0131lan ilk ara\u00e7 Porsche 959 oldu<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1987 \u2014 Bosch ilk \u00fcretici olarak ABS sisteminin daha geli\u015fmi\u015fi olan ASR sistemini piyasaya s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>1993 \u2014 Fiat Croma TdiD de\u011fi\u015fken geometrili turboyla donat\u0131lan ilk otomobil oldu. Sistem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck motor devirlerinde turbonun verimini \u00f6nemli oranda art\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/strong><br \/>\n1995 \u2014 Bosch 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda ESP sistemini aktif s\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f emniyetini sa\u011flamak \u00fczere \u00fcretime alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle virajlarda ve ani yol de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinde ESP sistemi, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131 ile motor, \u015fanz\u0131man ve frene m\u00fcdahale ederek arac\u0131n savrulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.<br \/>\n2004 \u2014 \u00c7ift turbo tak\u0131lan ilk seri \u00fcretim dizel motorlu otomobil BMW 535d oldu<br \/>\n2005 \u2014 Mercedes \u00fc\u00e7 turbolu v6 dizel motorla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f konsepti Vision SLK 320 Cdi\u2019yi Cenevre otomobil fuar\u0131nda tan\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Otomobilin Tarihi Otomobil nedir? Otomobil (Auto: Yunancadaki anlam\u0131yla kendili\u011finden + mobile: Latincedeki anlam\u0131yla hareketli demektir). Otomobil kavram\u0131n\u0131n ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak at, e\u015fek kullan\u0131lmadan, itmeden veya \u00e7ekmeden kendili\u011finden hareket edebilen \u00f6z itmeli ta\u015f\u0131t anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Otomobil, yolcu veya y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f, motorlu ve tekerlekli kara ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131. Otomobil, yak\u0131tla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilimteknoloji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=145"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/145\/revisions\/147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=145"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=145"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gelisenbeyin.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}